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Standards and regulations are an integral, if easily overlooked, part of our daily life. They determine whether a plug fits into a socket, whether food is safe for human consumption or whether a bank...

This report looks at the missing link to inclusive growth for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which are less productive relative to large firms in the developing world than in the developed world...

This year’s report focuses on regional trade, the most common form of trade for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It contains 50 country profiles, featuring detailed SME competitiveness...

This SME Competitiveness Outlook assesses the impact of conflict and fragility on business performance. It unveils a Fragility Exposure Index, and shows that fragility, as experienced by firms, can be...

Our services sectors are key to an economic transformation. This report calls them ‘connected services. Transport and logistics, financial services, information and communication technologies, and...

The SME Competitiveness Outlook 2021 analyses how small businesses can rebuild from the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic so they are better prepared to face the looming crisis of climate change. It...

Increasing annual investments in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries by $1 trilling would yield disproportionate dividends in terms of progress towards the Sustainable...

New technologies like advanced robotics, 3-D printing, big data and the internet of things are rapidly changing the way in which firms do business. A strong business ecosystem is necessary to manage...

This report considers the interaction between the national economy and the environment in the former Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. It concludes that the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power...

This publication is released at a time where the world is carefully moving out of the 'great lockdown' stemming from the coronavirus pandemic, a partial or complete lockdown of the majority of...

This study offers a practical and stimulating discussion on growth in market economies. Reflecting back as far as 1950 and projecting into the year 2000, it provides an historical view and guidance on...

This paper focuses on the economic aspects of Perestroika and how it affected the economic reforms and developments in the former Soviet Union, Europe and the world. Experts present the original...

This publication offers a detailed analysis of the policy options and choices of the European countries after the Second World War. The policies are important for managing the economic reforms in...

This publication discusses the overall economic position in the Eastern countries giving a long-term historical perspective and short-term prospects. It views the social and economic order aimed at by...

The service sector, including personal and collective services, has been written about in many economic publications. However, most of them focus on selected branches such as health, education and...

Because of the exceptional events in central and eastern Europe this round-table discussion centers on the transition economies. It focuses on the unexpected sharp fall in output and the resulting...

This study analyzes the link between inflation and unemployment as it presents a summary of facts comparing western Europe with the United States and Japan. It provides the different explanations on...

Presents a discussion of many aspects of the present economic situation and secular developments in the market and transition economies and the relationship between the developments in the labour...

These three countries were the first to embark upon a stabilization programme, which at the same time was expected to launch the process of structural transformation. This publication is a comparative...