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The new millennium sees humankind living in a vastly more complex, inter-linked, and mutually dependent world. There are increasing numbers of actors in world affairs today, as private and public non...

This Report reveals efforts of the Halons Technical Options Committee (HTOC) to identify, develop and test alternatives that can used in place of the halons. Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances...

Report of the Flexible and Rigid Foams Technical Options Committee (FTOC) provides information on the technical options available to eliminate chloroflurocarbons and use of other ozone depleting...

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer requires periodic assessments of available scientific, environmental, technical and economic information. This 2002 Assessment focuses...

The Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee (MBTOC) was established by parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to identify existing and potential alternatives to...

In the last decade, the refrigeration, airconditioning and heat pump industries, have made tremendous technical progress in compyling with the Montreal Protocol by phasing out chlorofluorocarbons...

Report of the Solvents and Adhesives Technical Options Committee (STOC) 2002 provides the progress report and status of efforts by this committee to phase out the use of solvents, coatings and...

The Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel 2002 (TEAP) contains executive summaries from six Panel Technical Options Committees. The committee summaries included cover aerosols...

In response to the scientific consensus that chlorofluorocarbons and halons deplete the ozone layer, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) enacted the Montreal Protocol as the principal...

Migration is a regular feature of life in the Horn of Africa. It takes multiple forms and is driven by numerous factors, including personal aspirations, economic exclusion and forced displacement as a...

The COVID-19 pandemic that swept over the world from early 2020 has triggered both health and economic shocks of unprecedented proportions in recent memory. Some estimates suggest that the...

What difference does a dollar a day make? For the poorest households in Jordan, many of whom escaped conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, UNICEF Jordan’s Hajati humanitarian cash transfer programme...

The COVID-19 pandemic led to school closures around the world, affecting almost 1.6 billion students. The effects of even short disruptions in a child’s schooling on their learning and well-being have...

To identify best practices in S4D programming and achieve a stronger evidence base on how S4D interventions can work effectively, the Playing the Game report and Toolkit draw on ten qualitative in...

Teacher absenteeism is one of the most troubling obstacles on the path toward universal access to learning opportunities at school. Over the past decades, studies have found that teacher absenteeism...

The international standards for teaching time in a year are 880 hours. In The Gambia, dedicated teaching time in a year is 734 hours. This reduced time is exacerbated by teacher absenteeism that...

COVID-19 lockdowns have significantly disrupted the daily lives of children and adolescents, with increased time at home, online learning and limited physical social interaction. This report seeks to...

COVID-19 is a crisis like no other in modern times. It has reached every population and community. While the evidence base is still nascent, this report looks at the impacts of disasters and past...

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since...

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since...