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The concept of fair and equitable treatment, which has assumed prominence in investment relations between States, provides a yardstick by which relations between foreign direct investors and...

Section I of the book contains an explanation of the concept of transparency as it is understood in the context of international investment agreements. Section II provides a review of current treaty...

These four country studies of Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary and Ukraine review the interaction between economic development and environment, the economic reforms and the strategies for environmental...

In this publication, Section I defines the concepts of direct and indirect expropriation and reviews the variety of measures that can constitute an expropriation. Section II focuses on the core issue...