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This report brings together a range of existing scientific assessments and reviews global progress and future sustainable development pathways in an integrated way. It responds to the 2012 Rio+20...

Authored by an independent group of scientists appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General, the Global Sustainable Development Report 2023 presents a science-based call for transformations to...

The concept of fair and equitable treatment, which has assumed prominence in investment relations between States, provides a yardstick by which relations between foreign direct investors and...

Section I of the book contains an explanation of the concept of transparency as it is understood in the context of international investment agreements. Section II provides a review of current treaty...

The Report uses the latest scientific assessments, evidence bases about good practices, and scenarios that link future trajectories to current actions to identify calls to action by a range of...

In this publication, Section I defines the concepts of direct and indirect expropriation and reviews the variety of measures that can constitute an expropriation. Section II focuses on the core issue...